Norwich’s City walls were built around 1294-1343 and no houses were built outside the wall until 1779 -89. The walls incorporate a number of towers such as the Boom Tower, Cow Tower and Black Tower. The western Boom Tower contains an 18th century coke oven. The Black Tower was traditionally the residence of the Constable and was also used for plague victims in the 16th century. During the English Civil War three of the city’s gates (St Augustine’s, Conesford and Bishop’s) were blocked up with earth. Research into the defences show that the Boom Towers, like the rest of the walls, gradually fell out of serious use, becoming monuments in the landscape, valued for their picturesque character and historical interest. Archaeological deposits may have been limited in this area since the inside of the walled circuit was deliberately kept open for access in the Middle Ages.
--- | Aerial Photograph: TG2307 L-N; TG2309 ACG-ACK. |
--- | Designation: [unknown]. Ancient Monuments Form. SAM Record. DNF2. |
--- | Aerial Photograph: Edwards, D.A. (NLA). 1995. TG 3201ACN - ACX. |
--- | Correspondence: Smith, P.. 2005. Email regarding city walls near Magpie Printers. |
--- | Record Card: Ordnance Survey Staff. 1933-1979?. Ordnance Survey Record Cards. TG 20 NW 100 [16]; TG 20 NW 100.4; TG 20 NW 100.7 [2]; TG 20 NW 100.9, TG 20 NW 100.12 [2]. |
--- | Monograph: Pevsner, N. and Wilson, B. 1997. Norfolk 1: Norwich and North-East. The Buildings of England. 2nd Edition. pp 260-262; Pl 32. |
--- | Unpublished Contractor Report: Penn, K. 1999. The French Borough at Norwich: St Stephen's Parish (west part). An Archaeological Assessment. Norfolk Archaeological Unit. 438. |
--- | Publication: Norfolk Heritage. 1977. Water Transport in Norfolk. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 1989-1995. [Articles on the proposed restoration of the Norwich City Defences]. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 10 Feb 1995. [unknown]. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 1956-1998. [Articles on the Boom Tower]. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 20 Aug 1999. [unknown]. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 2001. Divers carry on city walls survey. 14 September. |
--- | *Verbal Communication: Alban, J.. 2007. Lecture at UEA. March 15. |
--- | Record Card: Clarke, R. R. and NCM Staff. 1933-1973. Norwich Castle Museum Record Card - Norwich - Post Roman. |
--- | Secondary File: Secondary File. |
--- | Unpublished Document: O'Neil, B. H. St. J. and Bailey, T. A. 1953. Norwich City Walls. Report of the Ministry of Works, October 1953. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 1969. [Articles and a letter to the editor regarding the potential preservation of the wall between Coburg Street and Chapel Field Road]. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Yarmouth Mercury. 1969. Walled towns. 17 September. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 2010. Hallmarks of a colourful past - Atmospheric ruins cast long historical shadows. 2 November. |
--- | Collection: Norfolk Historic Environment Record Staff. 1975-[2000]. HER Record Notes. Norfolk Historic Environment Service. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 2016. New life for part of city wall which was hidden for years. 5 January. |
--- | Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 1956. Norwich work on ancient buildings. 28 December. |
--- | Article in Serial: Pettigrew, T. J. 1858. On the Walls and Gates of the City of Norwich. Journal of the British Archaeological Association. First Series Vol XIV pp 215-222. |
<S1> | Photograph: Kent, A.. 1968. City Walls. |
<S2> | Unpublished Document: Harvey, R. D. 1975. Repairs to and work on the City Walls. |
<S3> | Unpublished Document: Harvey, R. D. 1975. The City Walls. |
<S4> | Unpublished Document: Harvey, R. D. 1975. Information on the Black Tower. |
<S5> | Unpublished Document: Harvey, R. D. 1975. The City Gates. |
<S6> | Unpublished Document: [Unknown]. [Unknown]. The Cow Tower. |
<S7> | Article in Serial: Day, M. 1982. John Bolton's Cinder Oven: An eighteenth century industrial re-use of a medieval tower. Industrial Archaeology Review. Vol 6 No 3 pp 235-240. |
<S8> | Unpublished Contractor Report: Smith, R. 1995. The Black Tower, Norwich. A Survey. Norfolk Archaeological Unit. 161. |
<S9> | Unpublished Contractor Report: Penn, K. 1997. An Excavation on the City Wall at Chapelfield Road, Norwich. Norfolk Archaeological Unit. 253. |
<S10> | Publication: Kent, P.. 1988. Defences of East Anglia. p.181. |
<S11> | Unpublished Contractor Report: Penn, K. 2003. Report on an Archaeological Desk Top Assessment of Riverside to the North of Boom Tower, Norwich, Norfolk. Norfolk Archaeological Unit. 793. |
<S12> | Designation: DCMS. 2005. Scheduled Monument Consent. |
<S20> | Designation: DCMS. 2007. Scheduled Monument Consent. |
<S21> | Designation: DCMS. 2008. Scheduled Monument Consent. |
<S22> | Unpublished Document: Harvey, R. D. 1975. Information on Carrow Hill. |
<S23> | Unpublished Document: Harvey, R. D. 1975. Information on Butter Hill. |
<S24> | Article in Serial: Cranstone, D. 1989. Early coke ovens: a note. Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. Vol 23 No 2 pp 120-122. |
<S25> | Unpublished Document: English Heritage. [unknown]. Coal Industry: Site Assessment. Bolton's Cinder Oven, Norwich. |
<S26> | Unpublished Contractor Report: Smith, R. 1993. Report of Survey of the City Wall between Bracondale and the River Wensum. Norfolk Archaeological Unit. 73. |
<S27> | Unpublished Report: Smith, R. 1993. The City Wall, Norwich [draft text for NAU report]. |
<S28> | Article in Serial: Gurney, D. (ed.). 1996. Excavations and Surveys in Norfolk 1995. Norfolk Archaeology. Vol XLII Pt III pp 397-412. p 405. |
<S29> | Article in Serial: Gurney, D. and Penn, K. (eds). 1998. Excavations and Surveys in Norfolk 1997. Norfolk Archaeology. Vol XLIII Pt I pp 193-210. p 203. |
<S30> | Article in Serial: Gurney, D. (ed.). 1994. Excavations and Surveys in Norfolk 1993. Norfolk Archaeology. Vol XLII Pt I pp 115-123. p 119. |
<S31> | Unpublished Contractor Report: Heward, J. 1999. Norwich City Walls: Conservation Report and Condition Survey. Project Synopsis. Purcell Miller Tritton. |
<S31> | Unpublished Contractor Report: Heward, J. 1999. Norwich City Walls. Preliminary Report following the Pilot Study. Purcell Miller Tritton. |
51 | Parent of: 17th century pottery sherds (Find Spot) |
Site 775 | Parent of: Ber Street Gate (Monument) |
Site 1525 | Parent of: Ber Street Gate (Monument) |
Site 1526 | Parent of: Ber Street Gate (Monument) |
Mon 531 | Parent of: Ber Street Gate (Monument) |
Site 889 | Parent of: Bracondale (Monument) |
178 | Parent of: City wall ditch, River Lane (Monument) |
294 | Parent of: City wall, medieval lime kilns, 19th century ovens, Nos 260-272 King Street (Cinder Oven Rows) (Monument) |
Mon 1416 | Parent of: City Walls - Between Ber Street and Conesford Gates (Monument) |
19 | Parent of: Excavated medieval city defences, Barn Road (Monument) |
26065 | Parent of: Iron staple from medieval city walls, Chapelfield Road (Find Spot) |
633 | Parent of: Late post medieval finds, 30 to 68 Bakers Road (Find Spot) |
26013 | Parent of: Medieval defences, Barn Road. (Monument) |
327 | Parent of: Medieval inscribed stone, King Street (Find Spot) |
21 | Parent of: Medieval occupation around the city defences/bank, Barn Road (Monument) |
26122 | Parent of: Possible medieval bastion, Grapes Hill (Monument) |
420 | Parent of: Post medieval pottery finds,104 Magpie Road (Find Spot) |
819 | Parent of: Remains of city wall, Barrack Street/River Lane (Monument) |
206 | Parent of: Remains of the medieval city wall, Norwich (Monument) |
396 | Parent of: Reused city wall, Even Nos 112 to 134 Bull Close Road (Monument) |
9 | Parent of: Site of Ber Street Gate (Monument) |
26016 | Parent of: Site of Brazen Gate, junction of All Saints' Green and Queen's Road (Monument) |
26123 | Parent of: Site of medieval city wall, Grapes Hill (Monument) |
26166 | Parent of: Site of St Benedict's Gate, Bennet Gates (Monument) |
26173 | Parent of: Site of St Stephen's Gate (Monument) |
151 | Parent of: St Benedict's Gate/Grapes Hill (Monument) |
26171 | Parent of: St Giles Gate, Newport Gate (Monument) |
Mon 805 | Parent of: The Wilderness (Monument) |
388 | Parent of: Tower, City Defences, Barrack Street (Monument) |
779 | Parent of: Trial excavation of city wall, River Lane/Barrack Street (Monument) |
26127 | Part of: Site of Heigham Gate (Monument) |
26172 | Part of: Site of medieval defences, St Martin's Gate (Monument) |
26104 | Part of: Site of medieval ditch, Westwick Street/Barn Road (Monument) |
26160 | Part of: Site of St Augustine's Gate (Monument) |
26451 | Part of: Traces of medieval city wall and ditch, rear of 69 to 73 St Augustine's Street (Monument) |